In epidemic situations, a fundamental question regarding the epidemiology of cholera is: what is the relative importance of human-to-human (i.e., fecal-oral) versus environment-to-human transmission (i.e., exposure to the environmental reservoir of Vibrio cholerae)? Answering this question may allow us to predict the onset, and potentially the intensity, of epidemics in endemic regions, as well as the speed and intensity of spread of cholera as it emerges in naïve regions.
The risk factors for cholera are varied and stem from multiple transmission pathways, including direct person-to-person contact and indirect transmission through the environment (e.g., food and water contamination).
A complex web of interactions between the human host, pathogen, and environment are associated with the seasonal epidemics of cholera seen in endemic regions. The bellows tongue keeps out trail debris.Īs an all-rounder, the Chameleon would be my shoe of choice for all light hiking where water resistance isn’t a priority.While advances in medicine and public health have vanquished many pandemic diseases, 52 nations reported 142,311 cholera cases and 4,564 deaths in 2002, though these statistics are thought to represent a small subset of actual cases and deaths globally due to poor surveillance and under-reporting. The synthetic uppers overlay breathable mesh panels, and are strong with excellent protection around heel and toe, and include a lightweight protective pattern applied around the toebox. The shoe does offer a decent arch, and with Merrell’s much-improved EVA insole, the foot is comfortably supported. That said, the heel is nicely cupped, and although its cushioning initially felt hard, it softened to unnoticeable during the day. Although this can reduce strain on injury-prone calves, it did, at times, force me to walk off my heels. Robust shoe offering excellent protectionĭue to their 10mm heel-to-toe drop, the Chameleon’s footfall is flattish and can clomp slightly on formed trails. However, once back on rocks or a formed trail they begin shedding again. The deep and bevelled lugs clog readily, making slippery slopes even more so. In mud, the Chameleon finds its Achilles heel. The Vibram outsole is designed to grip in most conditions and on most angles, with well-placed lugs on the toe, instep and heel for excellent traction and confidence over roots and rocks, or when things become edgy on a steep slope. The nicely rigid and stable midsole make them excellent for on-the-toes climbing and on rocks, yet the moulded nylon shank isn’t so stiff that ground-feel is lost on uneven or varied terrain. They accommodate most foot volumes and open wide and easy for unfussy entry, then cinch up securely for excellent forefoot hold, reducing forward movement and heel lift inside the shoe. From first fitting to the end of a long walk, the comfort and overall performance remain unchanged. First impressions last, and that’s certainly true of Merrell’s Chameleon II Flux (850g).
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